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Referendumul din Macedonia a avut loc \u00een ajunul destr\u0103m\u0103rii SFRY (Republica Socialist\u0103 Federal\u0103 Iugoslavia). Pe baza plebiscitului din decembrie 1990, care a convins poporul sloven s\u0103 construiasc\u0103 un stat suveran \u0219i Declara\u021bia de independen\u021b\u0103, Slovenia a declarat independen\u021ba pe 24 iunie a anului urm\u0103tor. Imediat dup\u0103 aceea, a existat un conflict armat \u00eentre JNA (Armata Popular\u0103 Iugoslav\u0103) \u0219i ap\u0103rarea teritorial\u0103 sloven\u0103. Ciocnirea militar\u0103 s-a \u00eencheiat \u00een 30 de zile cu Declara\u021bia Brion \u0219i retragerea unit\u0103\u021bilor JNA din Slovenia \u00een Serbia \u0219i BiH (Bosnia \u0219i Her\u021begovina).\n\u00cen aceea\u0219i zi cu Slovenia, pe baza unei decizii a Adun\u0103rii Independente, \u0219i-a declarat independen\u021ba \u0219i Croa\u021bia.
\nPentru a rezolva criza pa\u0219nic, Organiza\u021bia European\u0103 a adoptat Declara\u021bia privind Iugoslavia la 27 august. Dou\u0103 documente au fost semnate – Acordul privind \u00eencetarea focului, unul dintre numeroasele nereu\u0219ite ce ar fi urmat \u0219i un Memorandum privind extinderea activit\u0103\u021bilor de monitorizare ale CE \u00een Iugoslavia cu care s-a realizat declara\u021bia.
\nDeclara\u021bia a fost semnat\u0103 de pre\u0219edintele de atunci al SFRY Stipe Mesic, \u00een numele Consiliului Executiv Federal, Ante Markovic, precum \u0219i de pre\u0219edin\u021bii din toate cele \u0219ase republici. \u00cen numele CE, Declara\u021bia a fost semnat\u0103 de Hans van den Broek, pre\u0219edintele Consiliului de Mini\u0219tri \u0219i \u0219eful Diploma\u021biei Olandei, care a prezidat atunci Comunitatea European\u0103.
\nDeclara\u021bia a garantat inviolabilitatea frontierelor externe \u0219i interne, dreptul popoarelor de a-\u0219i declara propria suveranitate, de a nega folosirea for\u021bei ca act politic final \u0219i, de altfel, de a impune sanc\u021biuni riguroase.
\nCE, ca ultim\u0103 \u00eencercare de a preveni apari\u021bia r\u0103zboiului civil pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce criza Iugoslaviei se dezvolt\u0103, organizeaz\u0103 Conferin\u021ba de pace pentru Iugoslavia, la 7 septembrie, la Haga.
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Recunosc\u00e2nd situa\u021bia din Iugoslavia, prima adunare macedonean\u0103 multipartid\u0103 a adoptat Declara\u021bia de Independen\u021b\u0103 la 25 ianuarie 1991. Aceasta a fost urmat\u0103 de decizia de a convoca un referendum la 8 septembrie 1991. Dup\u0103 lungi \u0219i obositoare negocieri \u00een Parlamentul Macedoniei, parlamentarii au decis ca la referendum s\u0103 adreseze \u00eentrebarea:\nSunte\u021bi pentru o Macedonie independent\u0103, cu dreptul de a intra \u00eentr-o viitoare alian\u021b\u0103 a statelor suverane din Iugoslavia?
\n\u00cen mod oficial, voin\u021ba poporului pentru un stat independent a fost confirmat\u0103 printr-o Declara\u021bie de acceptare a rezultatelor referendumului din 18 septembrie 1991 \u00een Parlamentul Republicii Macedonia.
\nRezultatele referendumului
\nConform datelor oficiale, din 1.325.807 de cet\u0103\u021beni cu drept de vot au votat 1.132.981 sau 71,85% din num\u0103rul total de aleg\u0103tori, \u00een timp ce 1.079.308 (95,26%) din num\u0103rul total de aleg\u0103tori au votat pozitiv la referendum, adic\u0103 72,16% din num\u0103rul total de cet\u0103\u021beni eligibili).
\nPe 8 septembrie, \u00een Pia\u021ba Josip Broz Tito, denumit\u0103 ast\u0103zi ca Macedonia, pre\u0219edintele Comisiei pentru Referendum a anun\u021bat primele rezultate, potrivit c\u0103rora Macedonia a votat pentru a deveni un stat independent \u0219i suveran. Cu aceast\u0103 ocazie, pre\u0219edintele de atunci, Kiro Gligorov, a salutat mul\u021bimea cu urm\u0103toarele cuvinte: \u201eCet\u0103\u021bene \u0219i cet\u0103\u021beni ai Macedoniei, permite\u021bi-mi s\u0103 v\u0103 felicit \u00een aceast\u0103 sear\u0103, pe voi \u0219i pe to\u021bi cet\u0103\u021benii Macedoniei, pentru o Macedonia liber\u0103, suveran\u0103 \u0219i independent\u0103\u201d.
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A existat o prezen\u021b\u0103 masiv\u0103 la vot \u0219i \u00een diaspora, \u00een Statele Unite, Canada \u0219i Australia, unde votarea a fost prematur\u0103 \u0219i, \u00een multe locuri, s-a remarcat c\u0103 to\u021bi aleg\u0103torii au votat \u00een favoarea referendumului.\n\u00cen zilele anterioare referendumului au existat apeluri c\u0103tre to\u021bi liderii politici \u0219i c\u0103tre to\u021bi cet\u0103\u021benii s\u0103 se prezinte \u0219i s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i dea votul. Apelul a fost acceptat de to\u021bi, \u00een afara partidelor de na\u021bionalitate albanez\u0103, care au solicitat boicot, sus\u021bin\u00e2nd c\u0103 albanezii sunt un popor dezavantajat. Din aceast\u0103 cauz\u0103, cet\u0103\u021benii de na\u021bionalitate albanez\u0103 au boicotat acest referendum.
\nRepublica suveran\u0103 \u0219i independent\u0103 Macedonia a fost constituit\u0103 prin Declara\u021bia Adun\u0103rii Republicii Macedonia la 15 ianuarie 1991, iar hot\u0103r\u00e2rea este confirmat\u0103 \u00een referendumul privind autonomia \u0219i independen\u021ba din 8 septembrie 1991. A fost imediat recunoscut\u0103 de multe \u021b\u0103ri. Bulgaria a recunoscut pentru prima dat\u0103 noul stat la 15 ianuarie 1992. Turcia, Rusia \u0219i fostele republici iugoslave au procedat la fel. Serbia \u0219i SRC, de asemenea, au recunoscut Macedonia abia \u00een 1996.
\nDin 1990 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 2006, au avut loc patru alegeri parlamentare \u0219i tot at\u00e2tea alegeri preziden\u021biale. Kiro Gligorov a fost primul pre\u0219edinte al \u021b\u0103rii (\u00een dou\u0103 mandate). Apoi Boris Trajkovski. Dup\u0103 moartea sa, a fost ales Branko Crvenkovski. Actualul pre\u0219edinte este Stevo Pendarovski. Primul pre\u0219edinte al guvernului Macedoniei independente a fost Nikola Kljusev, apoi au fost ale\u0219i Branko Crvenkovski, Ljupco Georgievski, Hari Kostov, Vlado Buckovski \u0219i Nikola Gruevski.
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\u00cen 2001 apare conflictul dintre for\u021bele de securitate macedonene cu o parte a comunit\u0103\u021bii etnice albaneze din Macedonia. Conflictul nu a fost pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103, dar statul a fost \u00eentors mult \u00een urm\u0103, din punct de vedere economic \u0219i politic. Prevederile a\u0219a-numitului Acord-cadru, semnat la 13 august 2001 la Ohrid, la care au participat reprezentan\u021bi ai comunit\u0103\u021bii interna\u021bionale, a fost implementat treptat \u00een modific\u0103rile Constitu\u021biei Republicii Macedonia \u0219i \u00een legisla\u021bia sa.\nLa 11 noiembrie 1991, Parlamentul a adoptat Constitu\u021bia statului. Primul Parlament multipartit al Republicii Macedonia este constituit, la 20 martie 1991 a fost ales un guvern al Republicii Macedonia – expert, condus de Nikola Kljusev \u00een func\u021bia de prim-ministru, iar Parlamentul l-a ales pe Kiro Gligorov \u00een func\u021bia de pre\u0219edinte \u0219i vicepre\u0219edinte al pre\u0219edintelui este ales Ljubco Georgievski. Cel mai mare grup parlamentar a fost grupul VMRO-DPMNE.
\nChiar de Pa\u0219te 1992, Macedonia a devenit independent\u0103 din punct de vedere monetar. Prim-ministrul Kljusev a prezentat \u00een fa\u021ba publicului primii bani macedoneni – denarii. Numele unit\u0103\u021bii valutare macedonene a fost dat de MANU.
\n\u00cen 1994, \u00eenainte de al doilea r\u00e2nd de alegeri parlamentare, Alian\u021ba pentru Macedonia a fost format\u0103 din SDSM, Partidul Liberal \u0219i cel Socialist. Alegerile au fost boicotate de opozi\u021bia principal\u0103 VMRO-DPMNE, precum \u0219i de Partidul Democrat.
\nKiro Gligorov a fost ales pre\u0219edinte al Republicii pentru un mandat de 5 ani.
\n\u00cen 1996 au avut loc alegeri locale, cet\u0103\u021benii au ales primari ai municipalit\u0103\u021bilor \u0219i pentru ora\u0219ul Skopje \u0219i consilieri ai municipalit\u0103\u021bilor \u0219i ai ora\u0219ului Skopie.
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\u00cen 1996 a fost adoptat\u0103 Legea privind autonomia local\u0103 \u0219i Legea privind \u00eemp\u0103r\u021birea teritorial\u0103 a Macedoniei.\n\u00cen 1998 s-a organizat al treilea r\u00e2nd de alegeri parlamentare, pe care le-a c\u00e2\u0219tigat VMRO DPMNE.
\n\u00cen 1999 au avut loc alegerile preziden\u021biale \u00een care Boris Trajkovski a fost ales pre\u0219edinte al Republicii. \u00cen anul 2000 au avut loc alegeri locale. \u00cen 2004, dup\u0103 moartea tragic\u0103 a pre\u0219edintelui Boris Trajkovski, au avut loc alegeri preziden\u021biale, iar pre\u0219edinte a fost ales Branko Crvenkovski.
\nLa sf\u00e2r\u0219itul lunii februarie 2001 \u00eencep \u00eempu\u0219c\u0103turile \u00een Tanusevci, Macedonia se angajeaz\u0103 \u00een r\u0103zboi cu terori\u0219tii albanezi din Kosovo \u0219i Macedonia. La 13 mai 2001, cu medierea comunit\u0103\u021bii interna\u021bionale, se formeaz\u0103 la restaurantul Panteleimon de pe Vodno un guvern na\u021bional de salvare, o larg\u0103 coali\u021bie, care include toate partidele parlamentare.
\nLa ideea pre\u0219edintelui Boris Trajkovski, se \u00eencep discu\u021bii cu privire la necesitatea unei strategii de securitate na\u021bional\u0103 unic\u0103.
\nMacedonia a ie\u0219it din SFRY singura f\u0103r\u0103 r\u0103zboi, dar a r\u0103mas \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 armele \u0219i echipamentele complete pe care JNA le avea \u00een \u021bar\u0103. Evit\u00e2nd conflictele, atunci pre\u0219edintele Gligorov a p\u0103r\u0103sit JNA pentru a scoate totul din Macedonia, c\u0103ut\u00e2nd op\u021biunea c\u0103 \u021bara ar putea s\u0103 nu aib\u0103 nevoie de o armat\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103 aceasta ar trebui complet demilitarizat\u0103. Situa\u021bia a \u00eenceput s\u0103 mi\u0219te pu\u021bin o data cu primirea \u00een dar a aproximativ o sut\u0103 de tancuri T-55 din Bulgaria, care au dus principala povar\u0103 a r\u0103zboiului, \u00eentr-un moment \u00een care ministrul ap\u0103r\u0103rii era Nikola Kljusev. Macedonia a cump\u0103rat elicoptere, avioane \u0219i tancuri din Ucraina, care au fost ulterior oprite at\u00e2t de sediul NATO, c\u00e2t \u0219i de Ucraina. Partea principal\u0103 a cre\u0103rii arsenalului de ast\u0103zi a armatei a venit pe vremea ministrului Ljuben Paunoski, c\u00e2nd contactele cu NATO s-au intensificat.
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Patru ani dup\u0103 conflictul din 2005, Macedonia a primit statutul de candidat pentru aderarea la UE, iar \u00een 2008, o recomandare din partea Comisiei Europene de a \u00eencepe negocierile de aderare cu Uniunea a fost repetat\u0103 \u00een anul 2017.\n\u00cen afar\u0103 de aderarea la UE, aderarea la NATO este, de asemenea, un obiectiv strategic al Republicii Macedonia. Pe 3 aprilie 2008, la Summit-ul NATO de la Bucure\u0219ti, Rom\u00e2nia, Grecia a blocat invita\u021bia pentru Republica Macedonia de a adera la NATO.
\nDe la independen\u021ba sa \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi, Republica Macedonia a trecut prin mai multe crize politice, printre care cea mai mare \u0219i cea mai important\u0103 pentru independen\u021ba sa este considerat\u0103 a fi criza politic\u0103, care s-a ad\u00e2ncit \u00een 2015 \u0219i care a trecut de la politic, la institu\u021bional \u0219i apoi la criza de securitate.
\n\u201d8 septembrie nu este \u00eenceputul, ci continuarea unei lupte glorioase, o lupt\u0103 pentru libertate. 8 septembrie este \u0219i idealurile lui Goce, Pitu, Dame, Gjorce. Este \u0219i sfidarea lui Alexandrov, dar \u0219i dragostea lui Prlicev \u0219i Misirkov. Aceasta este dedicarea lui Satev \u0219i Panko fa\u021b\u0103 de Chento, dar \u0219i visul lui Dragan Bogdanovski. 8 septembrie este Macedonia. \u0218i nimeni nu trebuie s\u0103 uite asta, indiferent de ce partid politic provine.\u201d (Hristian Mi\u021bcoschi).
\nPutem continua ca o concluzie si, \u00een acela\u0219i timp, putem spune aceste lucruri cu alte cuvinte, folosindu-ne de cunoscutul c\u00e2ntec macedonean:
\n\u201dOriunde mergi,
\nOriunde te plimbi,
\nNu te speria, nu te ru\u0219ina,
\nS\u0103 fii macedonean.\u201d<\/p>\n
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